Mary Queen of Scots Family Tree Mary, Queen of Scots
In 1542 the Scottish throne went to Mary, Queen of Scots, a controversial monarch who became French republic's queen espoused and claimed the English crown. She was executed by Queen Elizabeth I in 1587.
Who Was Mary, Queen of Scots?
Mary, Queen of Scots, likewise known every bit Mary Stuart, was the queen of Scotland from Dec 1542 until July 1567. The death of Mary's father, which occurred just days after her birth, put her on the throne as an babe. She briefly became queen consort in French republic before returning to Scotland. Forced to abdicate by Scottish nobles in 1567, Mary sought the protection of England's Queen Elizabeth I, who instead had her arrested. Mary spent the remainder of her life in captivity until her 1587 execution.
Early on Years
Mary Stuart was born on December eight, 1542, in Linlithgow Palace, West Lothian, Scotland. Mary's begetter died when she was simply vi days old, making her queen of Scotland.
Mary was the girl of King James V of Scotland and his second wife, Mary of Guise. Mary's great-grandfather was Henry Vii, making Henry Eight her bully uncle. Elizabeth I was Mary'south cousin.
Given that Mary was only an infant, her great-uncle Henry VIII made a bid for control. Her mother, however, ended up acting every bit regent on Mary's behalf.
Mary was initially betrothed to Henry 8's son, Prince Edward of England, who eventually became Male monarch Edward Half dozen. Scottish Catholics, however, objected to this plan, since England had separated from the Cosmic Church. When the match was annulled, England attacked Scotland in raids that became known equally "The Rough Wooing."
At the age of five, Mary was sent to France, where she grew up in the luxurious French court. Mary'south mother was French, and the Scots had a longstanding brotherhood with France, so Mary was betrothed to the 4-year-old French heir.
A portrait of Queen Elizabeth I (left) with Mary, Queen of Scots.
Photos: DeAgostini/Getty Images; National Galleries Of Scotland/Getty Images
Spouses
Mary was married three times, with the terminal wedlock somewhen leading to her downfall.
Francis II, Male monarch of France
In 1558, Mary married Francis, the eldest son of French King Henry Ii and Catherine de Medicis. In 1559, Mary's hubby was crowned Francis Two, making Mary both the queen of Scotland and France'southward queen espoused. Unfortunately, Francis died from an ear infection the year after he ascended to the throne, leaving Mary a widow at historic period 18.
Henry Stewart, Earl of Darnley
In 1565 Mary gave into infatuation and married her cousin, Henry Stewart, Earl of Darnley. Mary's new husband was a grandson of Margaret Tudor; Mary uniting with a Tudor infuriated Elizabeth Tudor. Her spousal relationship to Darnley besides turned Mary'due south half-blood brother against her.
Shortly after their marriage, Darnley'southward ruthless ambition caused problems. In 1566 Darnley and a group of Protestant nobles viciously murdered David Rizzio, Mary'south Italian secretary, stabbing him 56 times equally a pregnant Mary looked on. Though she gave birth to their son a few months after, she no longer wished to be married to Darnley.
When Darnley was mysteriously killed following an explosion at Kirk o' Field, outside Edinburgh, in February 1567, foul play was suspected. Mary's involvement is unclear.
James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell
In May 1567 Mary consented to marry James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell — the primary suspect in her previous husband Darnley's murder. Over the years, Bothwell had become a shut confidant of Mary and was said to exert great influence over her. He also had his ain ambitions to become male monarch, and he had abducted Mary and held her captive in Dunbar Castle.
Mary's scandalous wedlock with Bothwell, but three months afterward Darnley'south murder, fabricated the Scottish dignity ascension against her. Bothwell went into exile, where he was ultimately arrested and held convict until his death. Meanwhile, in July 1567, Mary was compelled to abdicate the throne in Scotland in favor of her infant son. She was imprisoned in Lochleven Castle.
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Children
On June nineteen, 1566, Mary gave birth to the future James VI of Scotland and James I of England. James was Mary's one and only child, conceived with her second hubby, Henry Stewart.
Reign
Mary was the Queen of Scotland from her begetter's expiry in December 1542 until she was forced to forsake the throne to her infant son James in July 1567.
Post-obit her commencement married man Francis's decease, Mary returned to Scotland from France in 1561. By that time, John Knox's influence had changed Scotland's official religion from Catholicism to Protestantism.
Equally a Roman Cosmic raised in French republic, Mary found herself an outsider. Nevertheless, with help from her illegitimate half-blood brother, James, Earl of Moray, Mary managed to rule while creating an atmosphere of religious tolerance.
Following the mysterious death of Mary's second husband, Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley, and her quick marriage to Bothwell, the Scottish nobility rose up against her and compelled her to hand over rule to her son and imprisoned her.
Merits to the English Throne and Imprisonment past Elizabeth I
As the great-granddaughter of King Henry 7, Mary had a strong claim to the English language throne. Her French begetter-in-constabulary, Henry II, fabricated this claim on her behalf. Still Mary never became the queen of England.
In November 1558, Henry VIII's daughter, Elizabeth Tudor, became Queen Elizabeth I of England following the death of her sis, Mary Tudor. Many Roman Catholics did not recognize the validity of Henry VIII's marriage to Elizabeth's female parent, Anne Boleyn, and they considered Elizabeth'due south rule to be illegitimate.
In 1568, Mary escaped from Lochleven Castle, where she was imprisoned by the Scottish nobility for her unseemly marriage with Bothwell. She raised an regular army merely was soon defeated. She fled to England, where she sought Elizabeth's protection. Instead of helping her cousin, the queen imprisoned Mary. Mary'southward captivity would final for the next 18 years.
Meanwhile, English Catholics plotted to get Mary, a Catholic herself, onto the throne by assassinating Elizabeth. Mary corresponded with i such plotter, Anthony Babington.
When Elizabeth'due south spymaster uncovered the letters in 1586, Mary was brought to trial. She was found guilty of treason and sentenced to death.
READ More: Mary, Queen of Scots and Queen Elizabeth I Never Actually Met
Death
After Elizabeth signed her cousin's expiry warrant for treason, Mary was executed in Fotheringhay Castle, Northamptonshire, on February viii, 1587. She was 44 years old.
Elizabeth had Mary buried in Peterborough Cathedral. After Mary's son became King James I of England, he moved his female parent's body to Westminster Abbey in 1612.
Movies Well-nigh Mary, Queen of Scots
Centuries afterwards her decease, Mary continues to exist an object of cultural fascination. The 1971 pic Mary, Queen of Scots starred Vanessa Redgrave as Mary and Glenda Jackson as Elizabeth, with Timothy Dalton as Darnley.
In 2013, a Swiss-French movie was fabricated on Mary's life. And the 2018 movie, Mary Queen of Scots, starred Saoirse Ronan as Mary and Margot Robbie every bit Elizabeth.
Mary'southward life also inspired the 2013 to 2017 television show Reign.
Source: https://www.biography.com/royalty/mary-queen-of-scots#:~:text=Mary's%20father%20died%20when%20she,Elizabeth%20I%20was%20Mary's%20cousin.
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